Critical Analysis Critical Ethnography - 1457 Words

It takes caution, dedication, and morality, among many other traits, to be a good ethnographer. Adding to this, one requires a passion for justice and just change in the world to be a good critical ethnographer. Critical ethnography makes its name as a subfield in its participants’ need to alter what they view as less than acceptable conditions within a community. It extends beyond the mere study of cultures and ethnic groups and their historic problems, into territory that explores ways in which people are attempting to solve and can solve those problems. The ethnographer must engage their subjects in manners that other fields do not; whereas reporters and documentarians might perform interviews, probably centered on one central topic, and leave once they have enough information to pen a good summary, ethnographers go further. Their jobs entail looking at the one central topic, but then connecting it to another element of life for their subjects, and then another, and so on. Ethnographers experience firsthand what their subjects live out on a daily basis, so that they may add their own perspectives and realize their own biases as far as certain aspects and issues go. Whereas people in other fields disperse and find their way back home after one round of discussions with locals, ethnographers stay even longer, subjecting themselves to the natives’ living conditions, engaging in more discussions and discovering more facts and, more importantly, stories. It is the duty of theShow MoreRelatedUse Of Technology And Digital Devices2192 Words   |  9 Pagesresearch would be conducted using three qualitative methods, including focus groups, looking at how students and teachers view the use of digital devices in classrooms, ethnography using participant observation to assess how students and teachers interact in digital and non digital environments. To further answer this question discourse analysis would be applied to understand how technological devices are viewed and subverted by language. Undertaking this research will allow schools to provide studentsRead MoreEthnographic Research Design1154 Words   |  5 Pagesover time. As schools’ diversity increases, the task is to understand the cultural groups and the role these play in the field of education. Even though ethnography studies fall under a variety of categories, the three clearly identified forms of ethnographic design include realist ethnographies, ethnographic case st udy, and critical ethnographies (Creswell, 2008). The three types of ethnographic design vary in their characteristics, approach, and purpose. Therefore, researchers need to analyze theRead MoreA Grounded Theory Research Study1222 Words   |  5 Pagesor discover a theory. This type of research is grounded in data from individuals who have experienced a process. Some of the defining features include: a focus on a process or an action, development of a theory, memoing, data collection, and data analysis. The process or action that a researcher may look into would have movement or an action the researcher may be trying to explain. A process could be generating a new program. Researchers also seek to define new theories through the process or actionRead MoreEssay about The Role of Reflexivity in Ethnography1395 Words   |  6 PagesThe Role of Reflexivity in Ethnography Reflexivity, as I understand it, is very well named.It is the practice of reflecting upon oneself and one’s work, of being self-aware and self-critical. In anthropology, it is well exemplified by the work of Renato Rosaldo, Ruth Behar, and Dorinne Kondo, among others. In its most obvious form (or at least the form most obvious to me), reflexivity is manifest in the practice of an ethnographer including herself in her own ethnographic research---seeing herselfRead MoreImproving The New Online System Essay1720 Words   |  7 Pagesonline system in regards to receiving and accessing roster shifts via smartphone app. The first section of the proposal will explain the importance of research and critical thinking followed by understanding the characteristics of the research report that include research design, research methodologies, research methods, unit of analysis and research type. Moreover, it also briefly explains the ethics involved in conducting research. The second part of the proposal looks at the research design inRead MoreHow Linguistic Ethnographers Blommaert And. Borba Conceptualize Ethnographic Research?867 Words   |  4 Pageshistorically grounded on the asylum process structure. Student number: 1568114 15 REFERENCES Androutsopoulos, J. (2014) Mediatization and Sociolinguistic Change. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter GmbH Bauman, R. Briggs, C. (1990) Poetics and performance as critical perspectives on language and social life. Annual Review of Anthropology (19) 59-88 Blommaert, J. (2015) Pierre Bourdieu and language in society. Tilburg Papers in Culture Studies #126. At www.tilburguniversity.edu Blommaert, J. (2005) Bourdieu theRead MoreDifferent Types Of Methods That Can Be Used For Qualitative Research889 Words   |  4 Pagesstudy, phenomenological, ground theory, and critical study. The following will detail what the methods are and how they could be used in a classroom at Stephen Decatur Middle School. The research question being utilized for each example scenario is â€Å"will the use of audio books increase engagement for seventh grade special education students during independent reading sessions?† Ethnographic Ethnographic studies are in depth and focus on culture. â€Å"Ethnography has been the primary mode of study in anthropologyRead MoreThe Perils And Privileges Of Auto Ethnography1141 Words   |  5 PagesReading Response Week 4: The Perils and Privileges of Auto-Ethnography Although not mentioned in this week’s Marshall/Rossman chapter, feminism and autoethnography has popped up before in prior readings, so there is some familiarity with both concepts. Now comes what their synthesis looks like in practice. In this light the readings forced me to re-examine positionality, especially in the framework of auto-ethnography. At first I thought this was too obvious but in light of the titularRead MoreSemiautobiographical Work- Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza by Gloria Anzaldà ºa1286 Words   |  6 Pagesliterary composition would be genre. The genres and literary forms for this book were put into the following categories: semi-autobiography, memoir, poetry (confessional versus conceptual), myths, subjective journalism, Mexican sayings (dichos), critical ethnography, historical narrative, personal narrative, and auto historia. This is a semi-autobiography and a memoir because it is a story of Anzaldà ºa’s life written by her that focuses on the memories of her experiences and feelings, and combines all ofRead MoreThe Body Is The Most Holistic Reflection Of Oneself, It Is Raw, Conspicuous And Present Essay1203 Words   |  5 Pagesof the best exhibits for how societies d iffer, change and function, anthropologists can either have a field-day or get a headache. Further, the introduction of enhancement technologies have revolutionised how the body functions within society; Ethnographies such as, The Poor Have the Right To Be Beautiful : Cosmetic Surgery in Neoliberal Brazil’ Alexander Edmonds and ‘Medicalization of Racial Features: Asian American Women and Cosmetic Surgery’ Eugenia Kaw explore the interplay of technology and

Why Social Networks Have Done More Harm Than Good in Our...

The rapid growth of technology in our society has become more dominant than it was in the 17th and 18th century. Today, technology is used for almost everything in our day to day lives. But the most common usage of technology is for communication and industrialization. However, every good thing has its disadvantage if it is over used, and since technology has become very dominant, it is used by both young and older people but more predominant among the youth of the today. Even more, technology has brought about social networking such as Facebook, Twitter, my space, piazza.com, instagram, tango, and last but not the least texting. According to socialnetworking.procon.org, â€Å"47% of American adults used social networking sites like†¦show more content†¦(procon.org. 1). Anyway, while we pond on that question, let us discuss why social media discourages students from studying or why students who uses social networking sites don’t do well in school. Besides the f act that students who use social networking sites use them to connect with their family, and long distance friends, proponents of social networking sites may argue that it helps students to do better at school, and that 59% of students with access to the internet report that they use social networking sites to discuss educational topics and 50% use these sites talk about school assignments, according to procon.org (2). However, since these sites are not one hundred percent accurate and reliable, how are we sure that the students who uses social networking sites are actually doing well in their academics and not failing when it is obvious non users of social networking sites perform better. As a matter of fact, what chance does a student who uses social networking sites stand to a student who spends their time outside classroom doing their homework’s, reading their class notes, textbooks, and novels, and spending their time on other things other than on social networking sit es? In as much as many of us don’t see the harm social networking sites are having on our students, it is an undeniable factShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Social Media On Our Lives Essay1548 Words   |  7 Pagess society, there are a multiplicity of tools derived from modern technology which has facilitated the form of communication among individuals. An example of this tool is none other than social network, the most powerful form of communication. Essentially, the world constant evolution over the years has triggered a high demand in modern technology and also changed the way humans interact. Social network, being the most influential weapon of our generation, has a great impact to impact in our livesRead MoreInternet Does More Harm Than Good (Oppositon Debate)1514 Words   |  7 PagesInternet Has Done More Harm Than Good . 1st Speaker Opposition Thank you Madam speaker . Assalamualaikum and a very good morning to Madam speaker of the House, the respected panel of adjudicators, the ever-precise timekeeper, my worthy opponents, ladies and gentlemen members of the Parliament . As the Opposition Leader, it would be my duty to refute the motion for today Internet Has Done More Harm than Good . We believe that Internet Has Done More Good than Harm . The government team, ladies andRead MoreThe Effects of Social Networking upon Society1100 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Introduction: Social networking is a network of sites is very effective in facilitating social life among a group of acquaintances and friends , and enable old friends to connect to each other and after a long year , and enable them to also communicate the visual and audio and share images and other possibilities that solidified social relationship between them. Featured social networking such as : ( Facebook – WatsApp - Twitter – Skype - MySpace - LIVE Boone - Hi- Five - Orkut - Tagd - YouTubeRead MoreThe Dumbest Generation : How The Digital Age1675 Words   |  7 PagesA Book Review on The Dumbest Generation: How the Digital Age Stupefies Young Americans and Jeopardizes Our Future by Mark Bauerlein Bauerlein, Mark. The Dumbest Generation: How the Digital Age Stupefies Young Americans and Jeopardizes Our Future (or, Don’t Trust Anyone under 30). New York, NY: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Penguin, 2008. Print. The author of the book The Dumbest Generation is concerned over young Americans and what the digital age is doing to them. Throughout the book he cites many percentagesRead MoreArtificial Neural Networks And Predictive Policing1403 Words   |  6 PagesThis is what will happen, frequently, if artificial neural networks are used as a mean for predictive policing. First, just to clarify, predictive policing is seeking to prevent future harm and reduce crime rates by analyzing information and patrolling areas based on the result. The police are able to predict when, where, and what crime is likely to happen with the help of this emerging technology. So what exactly are artificial neural networks? They are systems that are â€Å"based on a collection of connectedRead MoreWhy Do Business Exist? Review1304 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Why does business exist? â€Å" is a question that people may easily miss, because business has been so engaged in social life. However, it is still an i ssue that needs everyone, especially business people to deeply explore. From my point of view, business organizations exist in order to meet the needs of our daily life. Business organizations have been everywhere in our lives. When people need food, they go to supermarkets to choose what they would like to eat. This is the business activity betweenRead MoreThe Overuse of Technology in Our Daily Life Essay1452 Words   |  6 Pages†¢ An Introduction Would that be possible to stay away from our technology’s devices for just a day? The answer for this question will bring a lot of negative answers, and of course if we ask this question in a survey, â€Å"NO† will be the winner of this survey. Talking about the use of technology reminded me one of the sources from my annotated bibliography by Amy Petersen, who is the Theatre and Media Arts Department Chair and Associate Professor in the College of Fine Arts and Communications at BrighamRead MoreThanks For Accepting Famousdebater And Good Luck My Friend1260 Words   |  6 PagesThanks for accepting Famousdebater and good luck my friend! Framework: Based on the definitions given in round one, we see this debate rests on ethics. That is, whether the individual or society is â€Å"ethically paramount.† Thus, it should be obvious that the framework for this debate could only reasonably be set on how morality is determined. Once determined all that is left is to apply ethics to our question. An Intro To Ethics: Utilitarianism Famousdebater and I Identify as Utilitarian’s, andRead MoreCyber Bullying Speech : Bullying1009 Words   |  5 Pagesthat take a long time to mend back together. Why should people have to give in to bullies? Why do we have to let them harass and hurts us in both ways: physically and emotianally? Is it because we’re different? Or is it because we’re not normal. You see the funny thing is, no body knows what normal is or nobody can even define what normal is. Contemporary studies show, there are approximetly 4,959,870 elementary and highschools in canada and 55% have experienced being bullied. 57% are successfulRead MoreTechnology And Technology : The Use Of Technology1444 Words   |  6 Pagesthe first piece of tech was invented, people have been all over it, acquiring technology to make their lives easier. From the creations made by early ancestors to the iPhones created by Apple, technology has ruled peoples lives. Although on the surface it appears to be beneficial in almost every field of work, many problems were based on the issue of technology like cyberbullies, hacking, and privacy. Technology has been a recurring problem in society yet people still use it, creating addiction and

The U.S. Counterintelligence free essay sample

With the rumor of a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union circling the globe, the United States created a strict intelligence campaign known as the Venona Program to monitor Soviet diplomatic actions. Decryption of what was thought to be Soviet diplomatic messages revealed an extensive Soviet espionage network that was functioning within the United States. These cables linked this espionage to the Soviet â€Å"secret police† the Komityet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (KGB). This caused a transformation of the Venona Program into a counter-intelligence network aimed at warding off this highly effective Soviet espionage attack. Unfortunately, the success of the Venona Program was undermined by the United States lack of internal security, as Soviet agents rose into the high ranks of both the United States government and global military research divisions unchecked. With origins dating back to the creation of the Army Signal Intelligence Service (SIS), the effectiveness of the United States intelligence program has been relatively successful in its duties. We will write a custom essay sample on The U.S. Counterintelligence or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The establishment of the SIS in 1929 set the stage for cryptanalysis that would ultimately lead to allied victory during World War II, as the Pacific theatre was opened up by the â€Å"cracking† of Japanese â€Å"Purple† code. However, the true success of the United States intelligence program is only seen through close scrutiny of its counter-intelligence program. As the events of World War II became increasingly volatile, a fear was growing in the United States State as well as War Department that an alliance between Nazi Germany and the Soviets would allow the Axis (Germany, Italy, and Japan) to focus its attacks solely on the U. S.. This paranoia spurred the creation of a United States counter-intelligence program that would ultimately transform this paranoia within the government into widespread panic. The counter-intelligence program was started in 1943 by Colonel Carter Clark of Army Intelligence (G2), with its authority placed under the control of the SIS. It was formed to provide intelligence on Soviet military and diplomatic actions. Its highly trained team of linguists, code specialists, and school teachers were charged with decrypting Soviet encrypted cables. However, the task was one that was virtually impossible. Soviet encryption was an ingenious process that involved use of a one-time pad known as a Petsamo Codebook. Its two step cipher required the cipher clerk to transfer his message into a set of four digit numbers assigned to specific letter groups. The groups were then combined into five letter groups by taking one number from the group following it. Using a one-time pad an additional number was added that could later be taken out by the receiver of the message who also used an identical one-time pad. The clerk then placed the numbers from the codebook beneath the numbers of the text and found their sum. In the final step, the clerk converted the five number groups into five letter groups by substituting Latin letters. When done correctly this process is unbreakable. However, with the lack of computers to generate a series of numbers on the one-time pads in coupling with the high demand for the pads caused by a Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union (USSR), pages were often duplicated. After eight months of work Lieutenant Richard Hallock, a peacetime archeologist, discovered these lapses in the Soviet cryptographic system. The reuse of these one-time pads began the slow and tedious process of decrypting soviet cables. This discovery opened what would later be called â€Å"the Pandora’s Box of Troubles. † The program continued, and as hundreds of Soviet messages were painstakingly decrypted, a vital discovery was made. The messages that had been thought to be Soviet diplomatic cables were not diplomatic at all. The cables were found to be messages between KGB residences in the United States addressed to the Communist Directorate in Moscow. The discovery was appalling. Thus the cables were linked to a Soviet espionage network in the United States. The fears of Communist supplanting Democracy originally produced by the Red Scare of 1918 were ultimately reality. Through sweat-and-brow translation, the SIS discovered that 5 different Soviet cryptographic systems were in use. One was used for each of the following: trade representatives, diplomats, KGB, GRU (Soviet Army General Staff Intelligence Directorate), and GRU Naval; however, most of the decrypts were made from KGB cables. In December 1946, Meredith Gardner, the principle translator and analyst for the SIS decrypted a message which contained the leading scientists on the Manhattan Project (the creation of the atomic bomb). Although the message was two years old, a series of messages containing top secret information were decrypted in the months between January and May 1947. Someone inside the War Department General Staff was providing information to the Soviets. The Venona Program was quickly converted from intelligence to counter-intelligence. Unfortunately, although the messages were being partially if not completely decrypted, the Soviets used such an intricate system of covernames that it was impossible to identify the Soviet field officers who were being addressed. The covernames used were often from mythology, Russian names, and even fish. For instance, Roosevelt was fittingly assigned the covername â€Å"Kapitan,† or translated in English â€Å"captain. † The close connection between the Soviet espionage network, â€Å"The Red Orchestra,† and the KGB caused panic within the United States government as an extreme threat of Communism was now visible. The KGB was a highly effective force of Soviet intelligence. Each residence of the KGB, which had locations in places such as New York and San Francisco, reported directly to the First Chief Directorate (FCD) led by General Pavel Fitin in Moscow. Their role as the â€Å"secret police† of the Soviet Union allowed them to quickly infiltrate high positions within the United States government. The KGB officers were often referred to as â€Å"workers† or â€Å"cadre,† most of which came illegally to the United States, smuggled by merchant ships. Ironically, smuggling of espionage agents was occurring through the Lend-Lease act, in which the United States loaned the USSR weaponry with which to battle Germany. Soviet crews of seamen and officers who were sent to be trained on how to operate U. S. machinery were often Soviet espionage agents who would then infiltrate the U. S.. The KGB had a strong connection with the American Communist Party, and recruited a number of members from within their ranks. A decrypted letter from Communist International (Comintern) proved the KGB connection to both Comintern and the National Communist Parties. The Daily Worker, the newspaper of the American Communist Party often had hidden recruitment statements to promote involvement of its members as KGB spies. In 1952, under the National Security Act the National Security Agency (NSA) was created in a responsive effort by Harry S. Truman to reverse his dissolution of U. S. Intelligence Services after World War II. With headquarters at Arlington Hall Station, a converted women’s college, the NSA staff hired a handful of highly trained code specialists, school teachers and linguists, similar in structure to its predecessor the SIS. The NSA took over the counter-intelligence program and continued the decryption of Soviet cables with the help of rapidly evolving technological advances that included an electronic decryption machine, the Bombe. In 1961, the program which had been known by such names as Bride, Bourbon, Whiskey and Drug was finally renamed its existing name, Venona Program. The effects of the Venona Program were not seen fully until its involvement in the struggle between Democracy and Communism during the Cold War. With the capturing of Elizabeth Bentley, a handler of espionage agents and member of the Communist Party underground along with the defection of Igor Gouzenko another rogue agent, the Venona Program finally had all of its wheels turning. Their testimony revealed the identity of a handful of Soviet agents and led to their arrest. With their help, the process of connecting codename to field officer began. Both the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and British intelligence (MI-5) became involved. Maurice Halperin, head of the research section of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), provided the Soviets with intelligence on every major codebreak that was made by United States counter-intelligence services. Furthermore, Roosevelt’s most trusted advisor Lauchlin Currie warned the KGB residencies of developments in FBI investigations of Soviet agents. The KGB was able to give these agents ample warning so that they would not only be able to escape further detection, but also continue their work without need to defect to the USSR. Alger Hiss was another Soviet espionage agent in existence within the high ranks of the government. His actions provided the Soviets with intelligence of the Allies negotiating status during World War II, as well as setting the playing field for hegemony and later shielding Communism from outside influence by the Iron Curtain, the symbolic, ideological, and physical boundary separating Communism from Democracy. With this information the USSR was able to counter U. S. negotiating abilitieslater they could call military bluffs during the Cold War. William Perl, a young aeronautical scientist for the United States Air Force research division provided the KGB directorate in Moscow with intelligence on the creation and implementation of jet engine and aircraft innovation. His work was so successful that during the Korean War, it was suspicious that not only was the Soviet MIG-15 equal to the United States fighter planes, it was in fact far more advanced. These research discoveries were in coupling with one of the most detrimental espionage attacks ever conducted upon U. S. soil. The Manhattan Project was the most common covername for research in the capabilities of harnessing atomic energy to be used for creation of a bomb. The atomic bomb was a technology that ultimately brought end to World War II. Its complex formula of extracting weapons grade uranium from normal uranium was top secret. However, a major espionage attack upon the Manhattan Project had begun. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, both American citizens and firm constituents of the American Communists Party, worked to pass the secrets of atomic energy. In coalition with Ethel’s brother David Greenglass, a mechanic who was working on the project, Julius and his wife helped pass on information about the American â€Å"super weapon,† the atomic bomb. Two other physicists of the project, Klaus Fuchs and Theodore Hall also contributed in providing Soviet’s intelligence on the subject. Specifically, they were involved in the transmission of the formula for extracting weapons grade uranium from normal uranium, as well as providing techniques for the implosion of the particles. The espionage attack even went as far to provide technical plans of the production facilities. Ultimately, this attack on the project was the reason that the Soviets were able to create their own atomic bomb so fast. Their ability to produce atomic bombs allowed the USSR to parry United States atomic bomb threats and caused hundreds of thousands of casualties attributed to the Korean War. Had the United States been able to counter Soviet espionage, the Korean War could have been easily diverted for the Soviet would be no match for U. S. technological advances. The testimony of the two Soviet agents ultimately called for the arrest of 349 U. S. citizens, 200 of which were at the top of the Washington bureaucracy. There were so many spies in the government that secrets had not really been secrets at all. It was a paradox of interests with a lot of finger pointing. Ultimately the Venona Program was so secret that even President Truman was unknowing of its existence (ironically he was the one who lobbied for its institution). However, since the Venona Program was held as above top secret, the decision not to release its translations made conviction of Soviet espionage agents tough. Even as many were sentenced to the death penalty, many doubted their guilt. The NSA was also held under such top secret conditions that it was often labeled â€Å"No Such Agency. † The Venona Program was nicknamed the â€Å"sacred secret† for the importance it held in identifying the amount of espionage that was occurring in the United States; only the select few who were on what became known as the â€Å"Bigot List† ever knew of its existence. The effectiveness of the Venona Program is particularly tough to analyze. The cryptanalysis that was occurring allowed he United States to pinpoint Soviet espionage attack. Unfortunately, the thoroughness of Soviet ciphers made the task of code breaking extremely difficult. Even though over 3000 cables were broken in the entirety of the Venona Program that is relatively nothing compared with the total number of messages sent by espionage agents. However, the Venona Program was responsible for the arrest and conviction of o ver 200 Soviet spies who were scattered in both the bureaucracy of Washington and the high ranking offices of military research divisions. Without the discovery of these infiltrators the Cold War would have taken on a vastly different persona. Soviet agents such as Alger Hiss, who had revealed America’s negotiating status to the Soviets, if undetected could have been able to provided intelligence on which American threats were bluffs. Furthermore, had the existence of Soviet agents in the military research divisions not been revealed, the Soviet’s would have been able to counter ever new discovery that was produced on United States soil, just as they had done for the atomic bomb. The true success of the Venona Program cannot be judged righteously without first examining the effectiveness of the Soviet espionage campaign. Soviet agents were able to infiltrate some highest agencies and programs which were in existence within the United States. Their system of gathering intelligence was so effective that even with every analyst in the NSA working on breaking their ciphers, they were always one step behind. Oliver Kirby, former operations director of the NSA recounts his views on Soviet intelligence: â€Å"Only through Venona do you get some idea of how thoroughly and how successfully Soviet Intelligence infiltrated the United States, Venona is the tip of the iceberg because we were only able to read a portion of the traffic. We found a couple hundred names and we still do not know who all of them are. † The Venona Program was only able to reveal the existence of a handful of Soviet agents who played an active role in the Soviet espionage ring. The few messages it did decrypt were often so outdated due to the time it took to translate each individual message, that the decrypts were basically worthless. While the Venona Program failed to counter the barrage of Soviet espionage that was taking place, it was successful on one account. The discovery of these agents allowed the United States to be more cautious in its actions and understand the true nature of Soviet diplomacy. During the Cold War, the United States could efficiently prevent direct attack upon American soil by assuring that espionage agents would not be able to report their diplomatic and military status back to Moscow. William Crowell, a deputy director who was brought onto the Venona Program in the early 1960s revealed the distinction between success and failure in cryptanalysis in his statement that â€Å"That distinctionbetween providing information that can make a differenceand using information to make a difference is still an important one and certainly applies to the results that were achieved in the successful breaking of the codes and ciphers known as VENONA. † In conclusion, the Venona Program was engaged in an ultimately insurmountable battle with Soviet espionage system and its effectiveness was undermined by the vulnerability of the United States to outside attack. The NSA played a crucial role in revealing the existence of these agents, but was powerless to prevent further intrusion by outside agents. The pain-staking work it took to understand the identity of just one agent was time enough for dozens of additional agents to infiltrate American agencies. The never ending process of cryptanalysis was unable to prevent or halt Soviet espionage; it was only effective in bringing caution into the United States in a way that hadn’t been seen since the Red Scare in 1918-21. The Venona Program’s above top secret classification made it the greatest secret of the Cold War, and was responsible for confirming the guilt of the Rosenberg’s and Albert Hiss, supporting claims against Whittaker Chambers and Elizabeth Bentley, and â€Å"sparking off molehunts on three continents. †

What I see as challenges young adults face today free essay sample

What ever happened to the â€Å"good ol days† grandma spoke of? It seems young adults have taken on an array of challenges that weren’t as prevalent years ago. Young adults face countless challenges. From education to employment of which both are hard to either get or maintain. these challenges can lead one to stress and eventually create a deeper world of challenges. Young adults seem to be more vulnerable to life’s ups and downs. The lack of experience and naà ¯ve perception of the world can lead them to create unrealistic goals leaving nothing but heartache and the inability to overcome the challenges that are thrown at them. Let’s begin with education. Fortunately education is top priority to students and of course the parents that led these young adults toward wanting a higher learning. Unfortunately the tuition for the education sought out for is too steep for most young adults. We will write a custom essay sample on What I see as challenges young adults face today or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A survey done by The Haratio Alger Association, â€Å"shows that out of 1500 students surveyed around the country three of every four had â€Å"some† or â€Å"major† concerns about whether they would be able to pay for college†. This statement is unfortunate because from a young age kids are taught that education is key, only to grow up, go out into the real world and discover that the key is actually money. Increased tuition forces students young or old to seek employment to pay their way through college. The problem here is that the jobs found are barley paying enough for anyone to make it through the month let alone pay for tuition. Student loans are then presented to the student as an option to pay for college. But this too poses a problem since the interest rates fluctuate depending on the economy. The Washington Post mentions that currently Obama is signing an interest rate law putting a cap on students loans for the lifetime of the loan. But this still does not change the fact that colleges are overly charging students for an education. Another challenge young adults face is employment. It is no surprise that the job market is in a terrible state. There aren’t many jobs out there and the one’s that are available want more experience than young adults posses. The job market is competitive today because of the lack of employment. Just 58.6 percent of American civilians 16 and up had jobs in April according to The Bureau of Labor Statistics. â€Å"This is a lower employment to population rate than the worst part of the recession in 2007-09â€Å". Says Peter Coy. With a lack of jobs available employers have an increased volume of jobs seekers looking for work and it only makes sense to higher those with an x amount of experience or of course those that possess a degree. Until our economy is at a better state young adults today will continue to have the added challenge of searching for a job that will help pay for tuition and put food in their mouths. After the pressures of increased college tuition and failure to find a job that will help pay for the college tuition many young adults will find themselves stressed. Often times stress will push you to perform better or even study better but if under constant stress it can lead to more serious health issues such as depression. Depression is an emotional symptom of stress if caused by stressors. While this type of depression starts off minor it can turn into something major. Leaving young adults stuck with this overwhelming feeling of wanting to give up. Finding it hard to overcome since their new perception of life seems like a vicious cycle. Once stress has led them to depression they begin to procrastinate and neglect responsibilities. If one is not strong enough they will remain in this state of feeling like they have come as far as they could go and unfortunately this is the end of the road for them. CONCLUSION Young adults today face many obstacles today that seem to have gotten worse over the years. If jobs are not increased and tuition continues to increase so shall the problems for young adults which can lead to stress and depression creating an even greater whirlwind of challenges. REFERENCES www.today.com/money/class-2013-likely-to-face-tough-start-tight-job-market- Linn, Allison. April 10,2013. www.usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/national/story. McAuliff, John. 8/8/2012 www.businessweek.com/articles/2013-05-09. Coy, Peter. May 09,2013 www.globalresearch.ca/no-hope-on-this-job-front-rising-unemployment-in-america/5341808. www.helpguide.org/mental/stress_signs.htm. non profit resource. Smith, Segal and Segal. July 2013

Reflection Paper for Tayuman Home for the Aged Essay Example

Reaction/Reflection Paper for Tayuman Home for the Aged Essay Example Reaction/Reflection Paper for Tayuman Home for the Aged Essay Reaction/Reflection Paper for Tayuman Home for the Aged Essay Essay Topic: Clueless Fun Home The facility we visited is located near Tayuman LRT Station In Manila City. We went to a charitable facility run by nuns and funded by a private organization also operates via donations. Upon arriving to the facility, I had mixed feelings and had no idea what to expect as this was my first time. Well, first time experience always amazes me and never ceases to surprise me. At the very first sight I had to the resident elders of the facility, cluelessness started to bug me off. Its not that I dont have my grandparents and had no experience how to deal with them. But it was the question on how shall I start and how am I gonna approach one of them. Then my classmates were off to their start and dispersed to the facility to find their own victims. I was off to a cold and weird start, I started to approach one of the alone elders, but felt that nothings gonna happen both of us, right off the bat I knew that there was no connection, rapport and chemistry, LOL. So I went vacant for a while again and went off to an observant mode. Then suddenly, to my surprise, a male elder said something to my direction. At first, I idnt get what he was trying to say so I came close to him to ask what he said. Boom! It was embarrassing on my part as the elderly was like the one who victimized me to engage to a wonderful and enjoyable conversation. So there it goes, the conversa tion went to engage myself and some of my classmates (Gerone Migz) with the male elderly. We found out that his name is Santiago, he is sixty years old, used to be a security guard and was a victim of stroke. He can no longer walk and was on a wheelchair, and left part of his body is already immobile. Talking to him, we found out that he was originally from Pasig. It was on my consciousness that I had to be cautious with my questions even though our conversation was going well. I stayed away from questions regarding family. I dont want go and act as a sparkplug of something that I might regret in the end, so I stayed on the safe side of questioning. So we went on with our conversation with him Tatay Santiago focusing on his interests and happy moments about manhood. Haha! We went on talking about basketball, he was pretty much engaged to our topic and here were a couple of times I saw smile on his face. I felt like happy in way. Originally upon going to that place, it was Just like a completion thing for me, something I Just wanna get rid of. But no, it was different, upon seeing the elderly and upon knowing Tatay Santiago, it felt different, somehow it felt fulfilling on my end. These old people need family, family that will take care of them. It was kind ofa cycle at the back of my head. Reality bites, we all have our own family while we are still on our prime. We work hard to provide our family what they need and want so hen the future comes, they can stand on their own and when we go old, itll be the other way around, its like we are expecting something from them to return a favor. Its like Im hoping that they will also take care of us in the future. Truth is, I still dont know what really happened to Tatay Santiago why he ended up there and not with him. During his prime, he had so many vices; he used to smoke, drink and used to spend his nights on clubs, engaging to bar girls and so on. But still, I cant Just Judge him based on his stories, need to give him the benefit of the doubt what if, his family as Just not capable of supporting him, especially his special medical needs. To sum it up, I still learned a lot from the experience, from Tatay Santiago. While we are still in our prime, especially when we already have our own family, we should love our family, work for them, strive for them and of course live happy for them. Well never know what may happen to us tomorrow, in our future. Its not that I dont want to end up like them, but for me, Id love to live my life to its fullest for family while I can. So whatever happens, even if I end up like them, I will have no regrets at all, ecause I lived, worked hard, strived and enjoyed my life with my family while I am able. Peace and love for everyone! Oh by the way! How we ended up with Tatay Santiago is yet to be revealed. Haha! Kidding aside, eventually they had to get back to their rooms and it was also time for us to leave. So there you go, we were still on the safe side upon leaving as somehow, we kind of avoided them feeling like they are being left behind again and they didnt see us leaving. So there you go, that was like my own side of story about this unforgettable school activity.

Annotated biography of James Baldwin - Smart Custom Writing Samples

Annotated biography of James Baldwin - Smart Custom Writing Growing Inequality in the Economic CircumstancesTopic: Growing Inequality in the Economic Circumstances of America's Children Who Are Raised In Single Parent Households Though the article under critique â€Å"Poverty and Inequality among Children† by Daniel T. Lichter (1997) does not only focus on single parent households as a primary reason for growing inequality in the economic well-being of American children; however it also takes into account many other variables that affect children’s economic well-being. Let’s analyze different aspects of this research article to have a deep look into it. Independent and Dependent Variables and their Relationship: Children poverty (children poverty rate in America) is the dependent variable in this study which, according to the writer, depends upon many factors. It totally depends upon one’s standard of comparison and will be decided according to the selected independent variables. Let’s have a look at the independent variables of the study. Lichter while talking about children poverty and inequality talked about single parent households in relation to three factors.   Thus the main independent variable is single parent households which is studied in relation to three factors identified as three main reasons of children poverty in America. These three factors can be categorized as three independent variables of the study. These three independent variables are â€Å"changes in family structure, changing patterns of employment and earnings, and changes in public assistance†; the major independent variable being changed family structure in which the main focus is on single parent households and how changing working patterns and changing public assistance is affecting single parent households.  Ã‚   Selection of Independent Variables: Since the study takes a comparison perspective thus the independent variables are selected on these lines. The variables: family structure, employment patterns and public assistance, are selected after a comparative analysis of several factors.   The writer compared several other factors from international, historical, and demographic perspectives to see how child poverty rate in America is affected; these factors which lead to the selection of independent variables are discussed below. First factor in this regard is whether a state is market-oriented or a social democratic welfare state. This factor is said to have an impact on child’s poverty and the child poverty rate will be decided depending upon whether the state is more market oriented or social. Within this dimension, a comparison is made between children poverty rate and the fact that whether the family is female-headed. Furthermore, within same comparison perspective public transfer income’s effect is studied on poverty rate of children in the given state. To elaborate it even further it is studied that what effects low earnings and low transfer incomes has on poverty rate and its effect if the family is female-headed.   Secondly, the effect on children poverty if the state used a means-tested welfare program or a Universalist social insurance programs is studied. This comparison of children poverty in America with other Western industrialized states, when studied on the bases of whether th e family is single parent or not, showed striking differences in poverty rates of different states. Even the states having higher number of unmarried child-bearing couples have lower children poverty rate (Smeeding et al, 1988); this makes ‘single parent households’ a weak independent variable.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Second factor from same comparison perspective is selected as ‘time’. The study takes into account several dimensions to study today’s poverty rate and compare it with past population. This facilitates the comparison of child poverty rate today with what it was years back. This comparison engulfs many other perspectives including income decline from past and present, rich and poor gap, welfare income dependency, changing family structures, age inequality, living conditions gap, changed consumption patterns and growing chronic poverty in today’s population; where all these factors stand as independent variables having drastic impacts on children poverty rate today. Third factor from same comparison perspective is selected as ‘racial or ethnic differences’. Though these differences are independent but they do have a great impact on deciding poverty rate of American children. Poverty and prosperity rates are studied on different levels depending upon  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   economic inequality among population  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   rich and poor people  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   education – educated and less educated  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   job skills  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   family structure - married-couple families and single-parent families  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   migrations - native-borns and immigrants  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   work patterns among women in single-parent and married-couple pattern  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   urban sprawl - city dwellers and suburbanites  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   welfare assistance from government and then the comparisons are made with racial and ethnic background of the population to know its impact on children poverty rate. Unit of analysis (Population being studied): In this study, the researcher has taken American children as population to study growing economic inequality and poverty. The reason of selecting this unit of analysis is the motive to identify what factors are contributing towards diminished economic future of America so that proper remedial steps could be taken so as to ensure a bright and economically strong society. The fact that â€Å"today’s poor children will become the future poor adults† made the bases for this study and an effort is made to identify the major reasons of inequality and poverty among children. Critical Analysis of Research Design and Methodology used in this Study: For this study the researcher has relied on secondary data which was collected via quantitative research thus the research design followed by the researcher is also quantitative. However as quoted by Miles Huberman (1994) that Donald Campbell once said that "All research ultimately has a qualitative grounding† due to the fact that they need to be interpreted according to the needs of the study. Thus even after using secondary data collected through quantitative means Lichter has to somehow apply qualitative methods to interpret the data according to the needs of this study. Second point to note when it comes to the research methodology and design used by the researcher for this study is that the researcher has also used the data used by other researchers for their research. This poses a potential threat when it comes to the reliability of the data because due to the fact that every research is conducted for a specific purpose and data collected and interpreted is mainly complementing that purpose, thus there is a possibility that the data is wrongly interpreted and lead to wrong results or at least some parts of the research may be invalid. This is one of the major weaknesses of relying completely on the secondary data for a research. Another notable point is the excess use of independent variables due to the combination of comparison perspective and etiology. Though this approach gives a broader assortment to the research however it confuses the reader at the same time. There are so many points to consider that relate different reasons with children poverty and inequality which diverts the reader attention from the main focus of the study. As for the strengths and weaknesses of the methodology used by the author, first point which becomes obvious is the use of information from varied sources. This makes the research stronger because there is much information to support an argument, however the researcher, at the same time, uses some conflicting views which confuses the reader and make it difficult for them to decide whether or not the point under discussion have an impact on child poverty and inequality. Another point to note is that the data used from governmental sources i.e. census etc is quite reliable but their suitability to this research study is questionable. The income-based measure which follows Orshansky criteria to study the prevalence of economic deprivation, used in this study, has many limitations. According to the researcher himself, the measure does account for inflation each year and is adjusted accordingly however many other factors remained unattended which gives rise to the questions regarding its reliability. This measure fails to account for many factors like increase in real family income and consumption by children, public assistance for children, geographic differences that alter the costs of food, clothes and shelter for children etc. Moreover, the income is not adjusted for taxes and also the equivalent poverty income depending upon family sizes and adult-children family composition is not taken into account. Similarly the increase in single parent househo lds and cohabiting partners are not taken into account. These shortcomings makes it difficult to rely on the results displayed thereof. Another point when it comes to analyze the research approach used by the author is that there are two things under consideration: relative economic deprivation and absolute economic deprivation. Now, there are so many factors and dimensions under discussion that affects and decides whether the economic deprivation is relative or absolute and that too with different further perspectives to account for which makes it difficult for the reader to decide what is the actual factor affecting the deprivation level and growing inequality among American children. For example, factors like reliance on welfare income, children belonging from minority, children living in single parent households and immigrant children etc. all affects and decides the level of economic deprivation which is not account for thus making the research results questionable. Specific Recommendation to Improve the Research: The conclusion part of the research leaves many questions in the minds of the readers. It doesn’t provide any specific solution to the issue under discussion nor does it give any solid reason why less progress is made in relation to growing children poverty and inequality. It leaves it up to the reader and the future researchers to decide what is lacking and what must be ensured to cope with the issue of growing children poverty in America. This study identifies that what could be the possible reasons that this issue is not yet addressed properly like it could   be ineffective social policy or inadequate research but doesn’t ends up selecting one. Leaving the debate open is good to encourage new thoughts on any subject however it is only recommendable when the current ideas are insufficient or have been disregarded as the possible solutions. Whereas in case of the current study under discussion there are already so many ideas and possible outcomes that leaving the choice up to the reader or future researchers will only   confuse the matter. Thus in my viewpoint this study somehow fails to contribute much towards the solution of the issue under debate. Future Required Research: This study have identified three independent variables as changes in family structure, changing patterns of employment and earnings, and changes in public assistance with regards to single parent households. However, there are contradicting researches as well that negate single parent households as a reason of children poverty. For example, the study by Smeeding et al (1988) shows that the states having higher number of unmarried child-bearing couples have lower children poverty rate like Sweden. This makes ‘single parent households’ as a weak choice to be taken as independent variable. This raises different questions in regards to what actually can be taken as an independent variable to study children poverty. As for future research requirement, there is a solid need to clearly identify what actually triggers childhood poverty and inequality and what is actually contributing to increase it. As also suggested by the researcher of this study, there is an obvious need to look for some sensitive measures that incorporates many of the affecting factors, as discussed in the previous heading, so as to able to reflect and decide what affects both relative and absolute economic deprivation for children. There is a need to identify what it is that can improve the growing inequality and poverty among children since it is very important to eradicate the problem from its roots. There is a need to see whether it is discredited cultural norms like marriage etc or it is the lack of government policies that can help make children become economically self-sufficient.   The conclusion of the study is really helpful in identifying several issues that can be taken as next approach or topic for next research. References:   Lichter (1997), Poverty and Inequality Among Children, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 23, pp. 121-145 Smeeding T, et al (1988) Patterns of income and poverty: the economic status of children and the elderly in eight countries. In The Vulnerable, ed. JL Palmer, T Smeed- ing, BB Torrey, pp.89-119. Washington, DC: Urban Inst Miles Huberman, (1994), Qualitative data analysis, an expanded sourcebook, sage publications, the University of Michigan, ISBN 0803946538, 9780803946538

The Impact of Cinematography and Editing Options Movie Review

The Impact of Cinematography and Editing Options - Movie Review Example The paper will analyze the movie Wizard of Oz. Cinematography and editing options like color, focus, transitions, lighting, and camera shots influence the placement and movement of characters and props in the scene showing Dorothy leaving Kansas for Oz (Leroy, 1939). Black and white colors defined movies produced in the 1930s (Dirks, n.d). However, the movie Wizard of Oz was the first movie of the 1930s to depict multiple colors as seen in the camera shot below (Leroy, 1939). The above camera shot shows the lighting placed between the character and the foreground. Apparently, the cinematographer moved the rear light behind the plant and on the right side of the shot but in front of the main character. Additionally, there are two front lights positioned in front of this character. The left light is on the lower side while the right light is on the high side, which facilitates the highlight of Dorothy and the colored plant with no visible shadows. The cinematographer did the camera sho t with a backdrop shot of the black and white house on the background that defined immense creativity at the time. Indeed, the producers introduce the first color shot in the film when the main character opens the door to see Oz and the yellow brick road that leads to this destination (Leroy, 1939). The cinematographer relies on double exposed film to blur Dorothy’s image depicting a dream. The camera shot shown below shows a spiraling house with the main character on it defining the journey to Oz (Leroy, 1939).